Sources

 

Bess, Michael. 2008: “Icarus 2.0: A Historian’s Perspective on Human Biological Enhancement,” Technology and Culture, 49: 114-26.

I used this article in great detail because it discusses the problems that arise with excessive, rapid scientific advancements. Bess argues that humans and machines will become more intertwined in the future, possibly resulting in hybridization. These changes will affect the qualities we call human. This relates directly to my topic of merging human and machine spheres.

Brainerd, J. G. 1999: “The Eniac.” Proceedings of the IEEE 87, no. 6: 1031-41. IEEE Xplore. 

This article explores the first computing machine, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). It describes the way that ENIAC uses algorithms to analyze and compute large data. I used this article to further my research about the origins of intelligent machines.

Buchanan, Bruce G. 2005: “A (very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence.” AI Magazine 26, no. 4: 53-60. CQ Database. 

This article moves through the different inventions that brought the study of artificial intelligence to where it is today. Buchanan describes the computers that were programmed, as well as the organizations that arose in order to pursue further knowledge regarding intelligent machines. I used this paper to formulate my own history of artificial intelligence.

Kimball, Samuel. 2001: “Not Begetting the Future: Technological Autochthony, Sexual Reproduction, and the Mythic Structure of The Matrix.” Journal Of Popular Culture, 175. Academic Search Premiere, EBSCOhost.

This article looks at the way the film The Matrix influences and informs the way society looks at powerful science. The film has a tension between human dominance and machine dominance that reflects society’s confusion regarding artificial intelligence. I used this article to think about the ways that films reflect large issues in society.

Marshall, Patrick. 2011: “Artificial intelligence.” CQ Researcher, 361-384. CQ Database. 

Marshall describes the ways that programming of supercomputers has become more sophisticated as machines move toward human intelligence. He writes about IBM’s Watson winning Jeopardy and how that showcases a more advanced algorithm set. I used this paper to discuss the changes in computer programming.

Opt, Susan K. 1988: “Continuity And Change In Storytelling About Artificial Intelligence: Extending The Narrative Paradigm.” Communication Quarterly 36.4 298-310. Communication & Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost. 

This is about the importance and prevalence of technology as portrayed by the media. It also discusses what makes humans unique and robots “nonhuman,” which is what I focus on throughout my own website.

Ozan, Adam. 2012: “Cyber Space And Virtual Reality.” Online Journal Of Communication & Media Technologies 2.2: 19-28. Communication & Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost. 

Ozan explores the ways that cultural stories of virtual reality and identity are reflected by the media. Ozan also describes the way that new technology has led to new means of communication. The way he wrote about communication technology and his use of these stories to talk about cyber space influenced the way I looked at my own stories.

Reddy, Raj. 2005: “The Origins of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI).” AI Magazine 26: 5-12. Applied Science & Technology Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost.

This article details how the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (formerly the American Association for Artificial Intelligence) came into existence. Reddy also writes about why the scientific community thought there needed to be an organization about AI. It was especially helpful to read about this associations’ hope of one day creating a robot that perfectly reflects human beings.

Vladeck, David C. 2014: “MACHINES WITHOUT PRINCIPALS: LIABILITY RULES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.” Washington Law Review 89: 117-150.

This is a legal document that investigates whom is to blame when an intelligent machine commits a crime. Vladeck argues that the current legal system is unprepared for where artificial intelligence innovations are heading, because the system does not know if the creator or the creation should be held accountable. I used this source to assert that lines of accountability become blurred as machines become more autonomous.

Ziemke, Tom, and Jessica Lindblom. 2006: “Some Methodological Issues In Android Science.” Interaction Studies 7.3. 339-342. Communication & Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost.
This article is about androids adopting human features for the health services. It discusses human reactions to androids, as well as androids developing responses to stimuli that look increasingly human. The authors describe the differences between “strong AI” and “weak AI,” as well as the goal of creating a fully-functioning android.